SLEEP APNEA

Sleep-related breathing disorders encompass a spectrum of conditions, including primary snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and central sleep apnea (CSA). These disorders are characterized by disrupted breathing during sleep, often resulting from partial or complete airway obstruction or, in the case of central sleep apnea, a failure of the brain to signal the muscles to breathe.

A variety of anatomical and functional factors can contribute to these disruptions. Anatomical contributors may include nasal polyps, a deviated septum, enlarged tonsils or adenoids, and craniofacial abnormalities. Functional contributors can include allergies, respiratory infections, certain medications, and neuromuscular conditions. Additional risk factors such as age, obesity, and sleep position can further exacerbate these conditions.

Early recognition and appropriate management of sleep-related breathing disorders are essential for improving sleep quality, cognitive function, cardiovascular health, and overall well-being.

Sleep-related breathing disorders—ranging from habitual mouth breathing to conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea—can affect not only adults but also children. These disorders occur when airflow is disrupted during sleep, often due to partial or complete airway obstruction or collapse, leading to fragmented sleep and inadequate oxygenation

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Emerging evidence highlights the significant role of craniofacial development, including jaw growth and dental malocclusion, in the etiology of sleep-disordered breathing. Inadequate development of the airway can predispose children to breathing difficulties during sleep.

Research increasingly supports a strong correlation between pediatric sleep-related breathing disorders and adverse effects on behavior, cognitive development, academic performance, and overall health. These disorders have been associated with symptoms resembling attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), impaired learning, and delayed brain development. Early diagnosis and intervention are critical to mitigating these risks and supporting healthy growth and development.